All Monsters Must Die Read online

  Hyundai, 160–61; “holiday gulag” of, 164

  Ilyumzhinov, Kirsan, 106

  Im Hwa, 145

  “infiltration tunnels,” 169

  Inoki, Antonio (“The Pelican”), 132–34, 236

  Itakura, Mariko. See Tenko, Hikita

  Japan, 22–23, 26, 34, 36, 61–62, 64, 65, 107, 123, 125, 152, 184, 210, 224, 226, 240; Korean political factions in, 44–45; nuclear bombing of, 60–61, 192–93, 212–13, 230; and only copy of Arirang, 98–99; Pearl Harbor attack by, 194–95; postwar constitution of, 212; Self-Defense Forces of, 214; surrender of, 108. See also entries below

  Japan, as occupier of Korea, 62, 63, 73, 94, 117, 149, 166; and Chongjin steelworks, 30; Korean resistance to, 30, 35, 44, 80–81, 101, 122; and postwar North Korean culture/film, 101, 154, 210; and postwar South Korean film, 174, 176, 185, 200; propaganda films by, 144–45. See also Japanese Army, Imperial

  Japanese Army, Imperial, 74–75; airbase/roads built by, 29, 94; as crushed by Godzilla, 150; pre-war guerrilla activities against, 56–57, 80–81, 122, 145; sex slavery by, 66–67

  Japanese culture: as “cute,” 212–14, 219–21, 230; and monster movie genre, 151, 198, 208, 220, 230; Ultraman, 1, 193. See also Godzilla; Inoki, Antonio; Tenko, Hikita

  Japanese people: kidnappings of,

  155–56; as otaku, 213

  Jeju Island, 44, 61

  Jenkins, Charles Robert, 156–59; in Unsung Heroes, 158–59

  Joseon (Korea/North Korea), 5, 120, 200

  Joseon dynasty, 61–62, 147, 148, 177

  joseonot (traditional folk dress), 8, 48, 126, 142, 203, 206. See also hanbok

  Juche Thought (North Korean ideology), 10, 50, 60–66; architect of, 64–65, 119, 238; corporeal nature of, 101–2; fabric/fibre of, 125–26, 128, 157, 223; as focus of arts, 90–91; and self-reliance, 60–61, 189, 210

  Juche Tower, 60, 127

  Kaesong, 12, 78, 119, 155, 159, 167, 196; agriculture in, 164–65; industrial zone of, 160–61, 164, 242

  kaiju films. See monster movie genre

  Kalmykia (Russia), 106

  Kang Chol-hwan: The Aquariums of Pyongyang, 43–46

  Kang Je-gyu, 92; Shiri, 92–93, 225

  Kantorowicz, Ernst: The King’s Two Bodies, 108, 109, 236

  KAPF (Korea Artista Proletaria Federatio), 145–46, 181

  kawaii (cuteness). See “cute culture,” in Japan

  kidnapping: of Choi, during Korean War, 171; of Japanese people, 155–56; by Kim Il-sung, 145; in South Korea, 225; UN condemnation of, 243–44. See also entry below

  kidnapping and imprisonment of Choi and Shin, by Kim Jong-il, 1–9, 10, 48–52, 56, 90, 93–94, 209; Choi’s account of, 178–80; and forced letter-writing, 50–51, 52; and Kim’s gifts of clothing/cosmetics, 127; and reunion/wedding orchestrated by Kim, 120–21, 179; and Shin’s escape attempts, 51; and taped conversation with Kim, 147, 209–10; as way to build film industry/engage population, 147, 180, 185–86, 208–11, 213–15

  Kijong-dong (village in DMZ), 188

  Kilju: nuclear testing near, 34, 201, 234, 241

  Kim, Ms. (tour guide), 13, 52, 94, 95, 116, 128–29, 132, 203–4, 222; background of, 130–31; as Russian speaker, 13, 53, 55, 68; singing by, 53, 131, 135–36, 167

  Kim Chol, 242–43

  Kim clan: and cult of personality, 97; personal economy of, 162–63; violent rule of, 243–44

  Kim Dae-jung, 86–87, 217, 226

  Kim Guh-wha, 4, 209

  Kim Hong-wook, 8

  Kim Hyon-hui, 92

  Kim Il-sung, 5, 10, 70–86, 121, 126, 133, 157, 162, 201, 223; birthday tributes to, 72–73, 127, 240; birthplace of, 110–11; as both father- and mother-figure, 57, 58–59, 63; children of, 84; cult of, 77–78, 83–84, 88–89; death of, 14, 85–86, 110, 239; early life/guerrilla activities of, 56–57, 80–81, 145; and film, 89–90, 184–85; flower named after, 123–24; forced letter-writing to, 50–51, 52; and illegitimate grandson, 41–42; images/portraits of, 14, 15, 42, 58–59, 88–89, 143, 191, 197, 243; and Juche Thought, 60–61, 64; mausoleum of, 141–44; and Moon, 96–97; mother of, 111; name of, 81; neck tumour of, 57–58; “on-the-spot guidance” by, 83–84; opera by, 94; quotations from, 31, 88–89; radiance of, 50, 80, 90, 223; rise to power by, 81–82; statues of, 56–57, 123, 142, 148, 207, 239; and Vinalon, 126

  Kimilsungia (orchid), 123–24

  Kim Il-sung Socialist Youth League, 131, 191

  Kim Il-sung Square, 16, 112, 116, 233, 241

  Kim Il-sung University, 64, 78–80

  Kim Jong-hun, 235

  Kim Jong-il, 11, 22, 31, 125, 126, 133, 197, 224; birth of, 73, 80, 81, 88; birthday of, 76, 120, 181; books/writings by, 90–91, 101–2, 109–10; as both Son and Mother, 56, 60; as “Dear Leader,” 7, 111, 237, 240; as father’s successor, 14, 84, 86–88, 110; film archive of, 91–93, 207; as film buff, 89–94, 98–99, 207–8; and film/culture as means of engaging population, 147, 180, 208–11, 213–15; and film industry, 20, 120–22, 147, 150–54, 179–80, 185–86; flower named after, 123–24; illegitimate son of, 41–42, 49, 226; illness/death of, 233, 239, 242–43; images of, 20, 101–3, 226, 242; and Juche Thought, 64–65, 90–91, 101–3; luxury goods consumption by, 34–35; as monster, 101–3, 201; and Moon, 15, 97; “on-the-spot guidance” by, 20, 68–69; physical/political body of, 107–10, 233; presumed doppelganger of, 87–88; and Pulgasari, 200–1, 225–26; and South Korea, 49, 86–87, 207; and Tenko, 215–19; as unseen/untouchable, 137, 139. See also kidnapping and imprisonment of Choi and Shin, by Kim Jong-il

  Kimjongilia (begonia), 123–24

  Kim Jong-nam, 41–42, 49, 226

  Kim Jong-suk (mother of Kim Jong-il), 81

  Kim Jong-un, 233, 234, 236–37, 240, 241, 242–43

  Kim Ki-duk: 3-Iron, 67

  Kim Kyong-hui, 236, 242

  Kim Myeong-je, 198

  Kim Sin-rak (Rikidōzan), 133–34, 219

  Kim Suk-young: Illusive Utopia, 32–33, 111, 124–25

  Kim Young-soon, 41–43

  Kinagawa, Kazuo, 151–52

  Kobayashi, Ichizo, 194

  Koizumi, Junichiro, 87

  Korea (early Shin film), 172

  Korean Central News Agency (KCNA), 34, 59, 234, 241, 242

  Korean Central Television (KCTV), 22, 239

  Korean Film Archive, 176, 184, 190, 209

  Korean Film Studio, 122, 141, 147–50, 153–55; and filming of Pulgasari, 150–53

  Korean Friendship Association (KFA), 186–87

  Korean People’s Army, 82, 83, 187, 242

  Korean Revolution Museum, 78, 123

  Korean War, 34, 44, 96, 117, 125–26, 227; Choi’s experiences during, 171; massacres of North Koreans during, 17–19; prelude to, 81–82; Red Muffler as set in, 189–91; reunion of families separated during, 243; UN forces in, 82–83, 171, 234–35; Unsung Heroes as set in, 158–59; U.S. bombing during, 60–61, 83

  Korean Workers’ Party. See Workers’ Party of Korea

  Korean Youth Corps, 25, 52, 95, 191

  Koryo Hotel, 196–97

  Kubrick, Stanley: 2001: A Space Odyssey, 139–40

  Kumgangsan (Diamond Mountains), “holiday gulag” in, 164

  Kumsusan Sun Memorial Palace, 141–44

  Kurosawa, Akira: Kagemusha, 88

  language, North Korean, 55–56; idioms/speech of, 56, 146

  Lankov, Andrei, 197–98

  Lee Myung-bak (“The Bulldozer”), 164, 226, 239

  Lee Sang-hee, 4–5

  Lee Seung-yeon, 67

  Lee Tai-young, 228

  “The Legend of Chunhyang,” 170, 172

  Lintner, Bertil: Great Leader, Dear Leader, 73, 126

  Little Boy (art exhibition), 212–13

  Love, Love, My Love (Sarang sarang nae sarang), 122, 170r />
  Lucky Dragon 5 (Japanese tuna boat), 192

  MacArthur, Douglas, 83

  Madame Choi. See Choi Eun-hee

  Manchuria, 62, 72, 74; Kim Il-sung’s youth/guerrilla activities in, 80–81, 145

  Mangyongdae (Kim Il-sung’s birthplace), 110–11; Children’s Palace of, 95

  Mansudae Art Studio, 134

  Mansu Hill Grand Monument, 123

  Mao Zedong, 83, 89, 106, 137, 154; suit made famous by, 111, 126, 128, 140; Tiananmen Square portrait of, 138–39

  Martin, Bradley K.: Kim Il-sung biography by, 80–81

  matsutake mushrooms, 36, 52, 94, 162

  Mayumi: Virgin Terrorist, 225

  melodrama: aims of, 228–29; as directed by Shin, 3, 89, 152–53, 175–76, 208; as directed by Sirk, 228–29; of Evergreen Tree, 3, 175–76; by Gorky, 184; and “heroification” of Kim Jong-un, 237; Kim Jong-il’s quest to perfect, 211, 214–15; North Korean tendency toward, 146, 167

  Michelangelo, 105

  Mifune, Toshiro, 151

  “Military First” politics, 116, 119, 139

  Mindan (pro-American political faction in Japan), 44

  Miyazawa, Kiichi, 107

  monster movie genre, 151, 153, 198, 208, 220, 230. See also Godzilla; Pulgasari

  Monster Zero (film), 219

  monuments, 15, 78, 110, 124, 204, 239, 242; to Godzilla, 193; Juche Tower, 60, 127; Mansu Hill, 123; to Party Founding, 95; to rulers/dictators, 56–57, 86, 109, 123, 138

  Moon Sun-myung, 15, 96–97; Unification Church of, 96–97

  Morse, Andrew, 187

  Murakami, Takashi, 212–13, 214

  Mussolini, Benito, 144

  Myat, Tun, 30

  Myers, B. R.: The Cleanest Race, 57, 63–65, 113, 202

  My Mother and Her Guest (Sarangbang sonnimgwa eomeoni), 228

  Nagasaki, 60–61, 193, 230

  Nakajima, Haruo, 195–96

  Nakayama, Kengo. See Satsuma, Kenpachiro

  Newton, Robert, 150

  NHK (Japanese national broadcaster), 152

  Niyazov, Saparmurat, 106; Ruhnama, 106–7

  “North Korea Uncovered” (U.S. mapping project), 40

  nuclear bombing, by U.S.: of Japan, 60–61, 192–93, 212–13, 230; as requested against China, 83

  nuclear weapons program, of North Korea, 11, 163, 193, 200–1, 224, 234, 238–39, 241

  nuclear weapons testing: by North Korea, 33–34, 37, 40–41, 201, 234, 241; by U.S., 192

  Nye, Joseph: “soft power” concept of, 213–14, 215

  Oh Kongdan. See Hassig, Ralph, and Oh Kongdan

  Oh Su-mi, 177, 183

  On the Art of the Cinema (book by Kim Jong-il), 90–91

  Orang, 29, 53

  otaku (Japanese people with obsessive pop culture interests), 213

  Our Escape Has Not Yet Ended (book by Choi and Shin), 126, 208–9

  Palau, 67

  Panmunjom, 12, 78, 79, 186–88

  Park Chung-hee (General Park): assassination of, 84; brutal regime of, 2–4, 78, 225; and love of Evergreen Tree, 3, 93, 175–76; and Shin, 3, 8, 175–78, 190, 225, 229

  Parrish, Jerry, 157, 158

  Pearl Harbor, Japanese attack on, 194–95

  Persson, Göran, 87

  Pol Pot, 106

  Pororo the Little Penguin (animated television series), 20

  Potonggang Hotel, 96, 97

  Princess in Love (Gongjunim-ui jjaksarang), 176–77

  Princess Tenko. See Tenko, Hikita

  propaganda: Japanese, 144–45, 194–95; South Korean, 40, 225. See also entry below

  propaganda, North Korean, 32, 36, 93–94, 130, 162, 171, 201; art factory for, 134; high-pitched speech of, 146; Kim Jong-il as minister of, 7, 8; and power of film, 208–11; Pueblo as used for, 112–13; shamanism and, 184; as spouted by DMZ loudspeakers, 85, 188; U.S. soldiers as used for, 156–59

  Pueblo, USS (U.S. spy ship), 16, 110, 112–14; protest by captured crew of, 113–14

  Pulgasari: as directed by Shin, 150–53, 155, 196, 198–201, 220; and Godzilla, 191, 200, 219; and monster movie genre, 198, 220, 230; release of, 225–26

  Pusan, massacre in, 18

  Putin, Vladimir, 87, 107

  Pyeonghwa Motors, 15

  Pyongyang, 15–27, 31, 44–45, 81; elite of, 48–50, 112, 131, 197–98; funeral of Kim Jong-il in, 239, 242; as having no burial grounds, 206; illusory street life/subway of, 32–33, 110–12; magazine image of, 10–11; monuments in, 15, 78, 95, 110, 123, 124, 204, 239; population of, 23; restricted travel in, 19, 77–78; suburbs of, 222–23; tour of/hotel life in, 95–102, 110–15, 119, 123–54, 191, 196–98, 202–7, 222–24; views of, 23, 127–28, 197

  Pyongyang Bombing Squad (Pyongyang pokgyokdae), 189

  Pyongyang Sunan International Airport, 11–12, 27–28

  Qin, Emperor of (Qin Shi Huang), 80

  Racine, Jean, 138

  “red complex,” 190–91

  The Red Gate (Yeolnyeomun), 189

  Red Muffler (Ppalgan mahura), 189–91

  red scarf, as Youth Corps identifier, 25, 52, 165, 191

  Repulse Bay Hotel (Hong Kong), 5

  Reunification Highway, 155

  Rhee Syng-man, 81, 175

  Rice, Condoleezza, 34

  Ri Chun-hee, 239

  Rigoulot, Pierre, 44. See also Kang Chol-hwan

  Rikidōzan (Kim Sin-rak), 133–34, 219

  Ring, Ole, 170

  Ri Sung-gi, 125–26

  Rodong Sinmun (Workers’ Newspaper), 73, 88, 139

  Roh Moo-hyun, 207

  Rossellini, Roberto, 172; Rome, Open City, 175

  Runaway (Talchugi), 122

  Rungrado 1st of May Stadium, 96, 98; Arirang spectacle at, 98–102; gymnastics recital at, 202–3; Inoki-Flair wrestling match at, 134

  Ryugyong Hotel, 26–27, 240–41

  Salt (Sogeum), 181, 184–85

  Samjiyon, 54, 67; airport of, 54, 94; Grand Monument of, 56–57; Schoolchildren’s Palace of, 70–71

  Satsuma, Kenpachiro: and Galgameth role, 221; in Godzilla remake, 196, 200, 221; I Am the Actor, 151–52, 155; in Pulgasari, 150, 151–52, 155, 196, 200

  Schönherr, Johannes, 91–92

  Sea of Blood (Kim Il-sung opera), 94

  Sea of Japan (East Sea), 36

  SEK Studio, 19–20

  Seoul Films, 174. See also Shin Films

  sex slavery, in wartime Korea, 66–67

  shaman class, 66, 117

  shamans and shamanism, 144, 183–84

  Shigemura, Toshimitsu, 87–88

  Shin Films, 2, 4, 174–79, 189–91; beginnings of, 174; films made in North Korea by, 121–22, 146–47, 150–53, 181, 183, 184–86, 198–201, 208–11; Park and, 3, 8, 175–78, 190, 225, 229. See also individual films by name

  Shin Sang-ok: childhood/youth of, 30; and Choi, 172–78, 227–30; death of, 171, 227; infidelity of, 177, 183; kidnapping/imprisonment of, 7–8, 51–52, 127, 179, 185–86, 221, 227; and Kim Jong-il, 147, 207, 208–10, 214–15; melodramas of, 3, 89, 152–53, 175–76, 208; memoir co-written by, 126, 208–9; and Park, 3, 8, 175–78, 190, 225, 229; and post-imprisonment escape to U.S., 181, 220; and return to South Korea, 224–25; U.S. work of, 8, 220–21. See also Choi Eun-hee; kidnapping and imprisonment of Choi and Shin, by Kim Jong-il; Shin Films

  Shiri, 92–93, 225

  Sirk, Douglas, 228–29

  Sjökvist, Harald, 74

  “slogan trees,” 88–89

  smuggling, by North Korean diplomats, 162, 234

  Socialism is a Science (book by Kim Jong-il), 101–2

  “soft power” (Nye), 213–14, 215

  Soga, Hitomi, 156

  Song, Mr. (tour guide), 13, 26, 36, 38, 60, 67, 11
1, 112, 188–89; on acceptable haircuts, 114–15, 123, 159; on famine/“Military First” politics, 116, 117–18, 119; at mausoleum, 142–44; and tour rules/order, 13–14, 28, 32, 95–96, 114, 128–32, 135–36, 140–41, 159, 203–4, 222; and tour singing, 53, 135–36, 203; unease of, 29, 71, 95, 115–16

  Song Hye-rim, 41

  Song Sok-hwang, 98

  Songun Chongchi. See “Military First” politics

  South Korea, 20, 34, 42–43, 44, 54, 61, 62–63, 64, 72, 129, 156, 159; and airline bombing incident, 92–93, 225; blood purity in, 65–66; demonization of North Korean leaders in, 49, 201; Gwangju massacre in, 84–85; industries of, 160–61, 164, 242; KAPF artists’ group in, 145–46; Kim Jong-il and, 49, 86–87, 207; Korean War air raids by, 189–91; Korean War anniversary ads by, 234–35; Korean War massacres by, 17–19; Moon’s cult in, 15, 96; and North Korean idioms/speech, 56, 146; under Park, 2–4, 78, 225; in postwar era, 81–83; and Pulgasari, 198, 226; and relations with North Korea, 86–87, 164, 224, 226, 235, 238–39, 241–43; shamanism in, 183–84; in World Cup, 191. See also demilitarized zone (DMZ); Park Chung-hee

  Speer, Albert, 139

  Stalin, Joseph, 106; and division of Korea, 81–82; image of, 57, 89

  Stalinism, 60, 63, 202

  subway system (Pyongyang), 32, 110–12

  Sukarno, 123

  Supreme People’s Assembly, 68

  Suwon, massacre in, 18

  Swartz, Richard, 137–38

  Sweden, 82, 137–38; cars/drilling equipment from, 25–26, 169; diplomats/statesmen from, 20–21, 58, 87, 203, 205–6; North Korean diplomats caught smuggling in, 162, 234; travellers to North Korea from, 74–75, 77–80

  Swedish embassy (Pyongyang), 20–21, 197, 205–6

  Taedong beer, 22–23, 39, 205

  Taedong River, 19, 22, 24, 95, 98, 115, 127

  Taepodong missiles, 22, 69

  The Tale of Shim Cheong, 146–47, 209

  Tenko, Hikita, 215–19; and Princess Tenko alter ego, 216–19

  “Theory of the Immortal Socio-Political Body” (Kim Jong-il), 109–10

  This Shouldn’t Exist (film), 93–94

  3 Ninjas children’s movies, 220

  tigers, Siberian, 72, 79–80, 164–65

  Titian, 104–5

  Toho Studios, 150–53, 193, 194–96. See also Godzilla; Pulgasari

  tour of North Korea: authors’ companions on, 12–13; breakdowns of order on, 115–16, 128–32, 135–36, 140–41, 167, 203–4; filming of, 36, 53, 99, 188, 204, 207; in “foreigners’ bus,” 55; “home stay” of, 36–39; at Korean Film Studio, 147–50; last night of, 203–7; North Korean sympathizers on, 38, 39–40, 47, 123; and Pueblo tour, 112–14; rules of, 13–14, 28, 32, 52–53, 95–96, 114, 159, 168–69, 222; and store for tourists, 119; and subject of famine, 116–18. See also Kim, Ms.; Song, Mr.